ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) is a technique that simplifies interactions with databases in object-oriented programming languages. This method maps relational database tables to objects, automating SQL queries. As a result, developers can perform database operations more easily and efficiently.
How Does ORM Work?
ORM represents database tables as classes within a programming language. Each row in a table becomes an instance of this class, allowing data operations such as adding, reading, updating, and deleting to be performed through methods instead of writing SQL queries manually.
Advantages of Using ORM
- Reduces the Need for Writing SQL – With ORM, instead of writing manual SQL queries, developers can use more readable and understandable code.
- Provides Database Independence – Works seamlessly with different databases like MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite, and Oracle.
- Improves Code Readability – Organizes database operations in an object-oriented structure, making the code more structured.
- Enhances Security – Protects against SQL injection attacks, making applications more secure.
- Facilitates Error Handling – Enables better management and testing of database operations in an object-oriented manner.
Operations Performed with ORM
ORM simplifies fundamental database operations known as CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete).
- Create – Adds new data by creating an object and saving it to the database.
- Read – Retrieves data from the database based on specified criteria.
- Update – Modifies and updates existing records.
- Delete – Removes specific records from the database.
Popular ORM Libraries
Different programming languages have widely used ORM libraries, including:
- Python – SQLAlchemy, Django ORM
- Java – Hibernate, JPA
- C# – Entity Framework
- JavaScript – Sequelize, TypeORM
- PHP – Doctrine, Eloquent
- Ruby – ActiveRecord
Conclusion
ORM is a crucial technique that makes database operations more efficient and secure. By replacing traditional SQL queries with object-oriented methods, it improves code readability, ensures database independence, and accelerates the development process. Widely adopted in modern software development, ORM is supported by numerous popular frameworks.
